What is the Principle Behind Neuralink's Brain-Machine Interface and N1 Sensor Chip?

Neuralink's brain-machine interface technology has rapidly garnered global attention, especially after the recent successful implantation of a Neuralink chip in a human. This marks the first time in history that a brain-machine interface chip has been implanted into the human body, signifying a groundbreaking advance in this field. Neuralink's success is not just due to the chip itself but also the underlying scientific principles and technological achievements.

One of the key components is the "N1" brain sensor chip, which operates using a series of ultra-fine polymer probes. These probes are made from biocompatible thin-film materials, incredibly small and flexible, allowing them to penetrate deep into the brain and record neural signals via electrodes. The probe uses polyimide as the base material, with gold-plated traces to conduct signals. These tiny probes minimize damage to brain tissue.

Neuralink also developed a specialized surgical robot called R1, designed to accurately implant these flexible probes into the brain. The robot uses precise control to complete the implantation in just 15 minutes, avoiding blood vessels and other vital structures, thus reducing the risk of postoperative complications.

In addition to the hardware, Neuralink's system includes an ASIC (Application-Specific Integrated Circuit) chip that processes neural signals from the electrodes, amplifies them, and converts them into digital data. This data can be transmitted via Bluetooth to external devices, such as controlling a mouse or keyboard. Remarkably, this all happens in real-time, meaning patients can directly control external devices using brain signals.

Although this technology is still in its early stages, it shows immense promise. In the future, Neuralink's brain-machine interface could be used to treat a range of neurological disorders, and even restore motor functions in paralyzed patients.